Economic and labour market impacts of migration in Austria: an agent-based modelling approach.

This study examines the potential economic and labour market impacts of a hypothetical but plausible migration scenario of 250,000 new migrants inspired by Austria's experience in 2015. Using the agent-based macroeconomic model developed by Poledna et al. (Eur Econ Rev, 151:104306, 2023. 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104306, the study explores the detailed labour market outcomes for different groups in Austria's population and the macroeconomic effects of the migration scenario. The analysis suggests that Austria's economy and labour market have the potential to be resilient to the simulated migration influx. The results indicate a positive impact on GDP due to increased aggregate consumption and investment. The labour market experiences an increase in the unemployment rates of natives and previous migrants. In some industries, the increase in the unemployment rates is more significant, potentially indicating competition among different groups of migrants. This research provides insights for policymakers and stakeholders in Austria and other countries that may face the challenge of managing large-scale migration in the near future. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40878-024-00374-3.

Stop, in the Name of COVID! Using Social Media Data to Estimate the Effects of COVID-19-Related Travel Restrictions on Migration.

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the International Organization for Migration has postulated that international migrant stocks fell short of their pre-pandemic projections by nearly 2 million as a result of travel restrictions. However, this decline is not testable with migration data from traditional sources. Key migration stakeholders have called for using data from alternative sources, including social media, to fill these gaps. Building on previous work using social media data to analyze migration responses to external shocks, we test the hypothesis that COVID-related travel restrictions reduced migrant stock relative to expected migration without such restrictions using estimates of migrants drawn from Facebook's advertising platform and dynamic panel models. We focus on four key origin countries in North and West Africa (Côte d'Ivoire, Algeria, Morocco, and Senegal) and on their 23 key destination countries. Between February and June 2020, we estimate that a destination country implementing a month-long total entry ban on arrivals from Côte d'Ivoire, Algeria, Morocco, or Senegal might have expected a 3.39% reduction in migrant stock from the restricted country compared with the counterfactual in which no travel restrictions were implemented. However, when broader societal disruptions of the pandemic are accounted for, we estimate that countries implementing travel restrictions might paradoxically have expected an increase in migrant stock. In this context, travel restrictions do not appear to have effectively curbed migration and could have resulted in outcomes opposite their intended effects.

Exploring acculturative stress and family dynamics in African immigrant students in the US: implications for mental health.

OBJECTIVES: African immigrants represent a rapidly growing immigrant group in the US, yet relatively little is known about influences on the health of this group. This is a particularly important oversight since adaptation to life in the United States can have deleterious effects on health due to the stress associated with immigrant and minority status as well as separation from family abroad. The present study explores how African immigrants experience acculturative stress - the stress-inducing elements of life as an immigrant - and the mental health implications of these experiences in light of home country values and conceptions of health. DESIGN: Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of sub-Saharan African immigrant students attending a metropolitan university in the northeastern United States (N = 26). Data were analyzed thematically using NVivo 12. RESULTS: African immigrant students first experience acculturative stress through schools and neighborhoods where they encounter othering processes, including discrimination and racism. Family responsibilities to loved ones in the US and Africa also represent a source of stress that contributes to feelings of isolation and depression experienced while managing college responsibilities. Since these emotional and mental states are not within the purview of how health is viewed in their home countries, many suffer and may not get the care they need to effectively manage their mental health. CONCLUSION: Findings emphasize shared experiences of navigating cultural dynamics, family pressures, and discrimination that contribute to the stress experienced by African immigrants. Findings also underscore the need for the development of culturally sensitive interventions in university settings so that African immigrant students can be upwardly mobile and healthy in the long-term.

A machine learning-based generalized approach for predicting unauthorized immigration flow considering dynamic border security nexus.

Unauthorized immigration has been a long-standing and contentious challenge for developed and developing countries. Numerous continually evolving push and pull factors across international borders, such as economy, employment, population density, unrest, corruption, and climate have driven this migration. Large-scale pandemics such as COVID-19, causing further instability in countries' financial well-being, can initiate or alter emigration flow from different countries. In light of such a complex confluence of factors, climate change, and demographic shifts in migrant communities, it is high time to shift toward machine learning-reinforced generalized approaches from the traditional parametric approaches based on migrant community-specific localized surveys. To our best knowledge, no literature has explored the nonparametric approach and developed a comprehensive database independent of localized surveys to analyze unauthorized migration. This article fills this gap by deploying nine nonparametric machine learning algorithms for predicting unauthorized immigration flow considering the dynamic border security nexus. This framework considers the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model as the null model. The proposed novel framework removes the dependency on localized survey-based studies and provides a more cost-effective, faster, and big data-friendly approach. This study finds the Bayesian Additive Regression Tree model as the best predictive model.

Unraveling the "Greener Pastures" Concept: The Phenomenology of Internationally Educated Occupational Therapists.

The Philippines is one of the major labor exporters for health care workers in the world and occupational therapists are the second most likely professionals behind nurses to work in "greener pastures" overseas. This phenomenological study describes the migration experiences of Philippine-trained occupational therapists working in high-income, Anglophone countries. Researchers conducted online interview for 15 participants who were previously/currently unemployed/underemployed. Following an inductive approach to qualitative data analysis, themes were drawn from the migrant therapists' lived experiences. Four themes describe the migration experiences of Filipino occupational therapists: (a) realities of being an occupational therapist in the Philippines, (b) contradictions faced by Filipino occupational therapists upon migration, (c) when the pastures overseas are not greener, and (d) when the pastures overseas are indeed greener. The study contributes to the labor migration discourse in occupational therapy and the critical examination of the idea of "greener pastures."

The Migration and Deskilling of Filipino Occupational TherapistsThis study provides stories of Filipino occupational therapists who were underemployed as they migrated to developed and English-speaking countries. We interviewed 15 people online to explore their experiences of migration, being underemployed, and working in a foreign country with a different culture of working. Results of the study revealed four ideas: (a) reality of being an occupational therapist in the Philippines, (b) contradictions faced by Filipino occupational therapists upon migration, (c) barriers faced by migrant occupational therapists, and (d) successes experienced by migrant occupational therapists. This study contributes to the ongoing research on occupational therapy, labor migration, and overseas Filipino workers.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis among Brazilian men who have sex with men: a comparative study between migrants and non-migrants.

Introduction: Investigating the use and adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in MSM is a global health priority in the fight against HIV. Strategies must be capable of increasing usage and reaching not only the population living in the country but also those who immigrate, who face additional vulnerabilities. Based on this, in this observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study, our aim is to analyze the use of PrEP among Brazilian men who have sex with men, whether they are migrants or not. We aim to highlight preventive opportunities and strategies for the global health scenario. Methods: We utilized a sample of Brazilians living in the country and Brazilian immigrants residing in Portugal, one of the main destinations for Brazilians in recent years. To estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) of PrEP use, we employed the Poisson regression model with robust variance estimation using a covariance matrix. Results: A total of 1,117 Brazilian MSM PrEP users participated in this study, with 788 residing in Brazil and 328 in Portugal. Multivariate analysis was conducted in three stages: overall, and for subgroups of residents in Brazil and immigrants in Portugal. We identified four convergent factors that increased the prevalence of PrEP use in Brazilians regardless of migration status: having two or more casual sexual partners per month, engaging in challenging sexual practices as the receptive partner, disclosing serological status on apps, and being single. Among native Brazilians, four unique factors stood out: being in a polyamorous relationship, having sexual relations with unknown casual partners, and having higher levels of education. Discussion: This study highlights the need to implement strategies to strengthen PrEP adherence in Brazil and create international programs that facilitate its usage among populations migrating between these two countries.

Mexicans vs Central Americans: Violented Migrants Crossing Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization considers that migrants who pass through the Mexico-US walkway suffer high levels of violence, compared to other regions of the world, mainly women. This study aims to identify the factors associated with the types of violence suffered by migrants in transit through Mexico to the USA. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, exploratory, retrospective, and observational study was conducted. A questionnaire of 46 variables was applied, divided into four sections: sociodemographic background, leaving the home, transit, and stay at the border. Questions about different types of direct violence were included. The survey was applied to 612 Mexican and Central American migrants who were in the Chaparral customs office and in five shelters in Tijuana City, on the U.S.-Mexico border. The results were analyzed using descriptive techniques and multivariate analysis of main and inferential components, using the statistical program R. RESULTS: The higher vulnerability of Central American migrants compared to Mexicans was documented, specially of women that proportionally were the most negatively affected victims including all types of violence, making it evident that one of each four was violented sexually and among them, only 50% asked for medical assistance. The multivariate analysis determined that the duration of the trip, and the type of transport can generate greater violence. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the greater vulnerability of Central American migrants in their transit through Mexico, mainly women and, likewise, the lack of effective public policies that guarantee the protection of the health, safety, and human rights of migrants.

Parents' Attitudes towards Vaccinations Regarding the Ukrainian Migration to Poland in 2022.

Background: Russia's aggression against Ukraine in early 2022 resulted in a large migration of refugees to many countries, including Poland. Vaccination coverage for some infectious diseases in Ukraine is lower than in Poland; consequently, the incidence of infectious diseases-including measles, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, and COVID-19-is higher. We aimed to investigate whether the migration of Ukrainians had influenced decisions of Polish parents on having their children vaccinated and to examine their attitudes towards vaccinations. Material and methods: A cross-sectional online survey study was designed. Data on parents' demographics, attitudes toward vaccination, and knowledge of the current epidemiological situation in Poland were collected. Parents participating in the study were divided into two subgroups for further analysis according to their decisions to have their children vaccinated. Results: A total of 568 questionnaires were collected, of which 21 did not meet the inclusion criteria for the analysis (respondents were not parents). The Ukrainian immigrants' influx affected 54 (9.87%) participants in their decision of having their children vaccinated. Respondents in this group were more likely to have a positive attitude toward recommended vaccinations (p = 0.0428); in addition, they more often had their children vaccinated with recommended vaccinations (p = 0.0063), believed the vaccination coverage with mandatory vaccinations was higher in Poland than in Ukraine (p = 0.0014), and believed the incidence of diseases covered by mandatory (p = 0.0472) and recommended (p = 0.0097) vaccinations was higher in Ukraine. In addition, parents who declared that the migration had affected their decision regarding their children's vaccinations had more often been vaccinated due to the influx of Ukrainian immigrants (p < 0.00001) and were more likely to be aware of how migration had impacted the current epidemiological situation in Poland (p = 0.0021). Moreover, the survey more often made these participants think about getting additional vaccinations for themselves (p < 0.0001) and their children (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The Ukrainian immigrants' influx affected nearly one tenth of surveyed parents in their decision of having their children vaccinated. This group was more aware of the differences between infectious diseases' epidemiology in Poland and Ukraine. In addition, they also had a more positive attitude toward vaccinations.

Linking internal and international migration over the life course: A sequence analysis of individual migration trajectories in Europe.

Because internal and international migration are typically conceptualized and measured separately, empirical evidence on the links between these two forms of population movement remains partial. This paper takes a step towards integration by establishing how internal and international migration precede one another in various sequenced relationships from birth to age 50 in 20 European countries. We apply sequence and cluster analysis to full retrospective migration histories collected as part of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe in 2008-09 and 2017, for individuals born between 1950 and 1965. The results show that nearly all international migrants engage in internal mobility at some point in their lives. However, individual migration trajectories are delineated by the order of internal and international moves, the duration and timing of stays abroad, and the extent to which individuals engage in return international migration. Institutional and economic conditions shape the diversity of migration experiences.

Remittances and Revenue in Latin America, 1990-2017.

Do international remittances increase government tax income in developing economies? This study investigates remittances' relationship to revenue within Latin American countries. The author builds on recent micro-level research by conceptualizing households with remittances as a transnational dispersed interest group in the political economy of taxation. Remittances increase recipients' wealth and decouple their well-being from domestic economic processes. Together, these effects suggest that remittances generate tax preferences that align more closely with promarket tax policies offered by the political right while decreasing the value of social protection expenditures. The author hypothesizes that these effects lead remittances to boost tax revenue when the right governs, but not the left. However, shifts to the left limit remittances' effect on revenue by decreasing income from direct taxes on wealth. Results from time-series error correction models, an event-study analysis, and twostage least squares models support these expectations. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12116-023-09390-3.

Food Insecurity Among Haitian Migrants Living In Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the situation of food insecurity among Haitians living in Midwest of Brazil, based on questions of the Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity (BSFI). METHODS: A survey was carried out with a probabilistic sampling proportional to sex of Haitians aged over 18 years who lived in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso. Haitian migrants were interviewed by bilingual (Haitian Creole/Portuguese) individuals, and for the analysis of the BSFI questions. Because the BSFI is not validated for Haitians, the first eight questions of the scale were assessed separately, according to sex, debts incurred for the migration project and time of residence in Brazil. Chi-square was calculated to test the differences between groups. RESULTS: A total of 404 Haitians were evaluated, 81.9% male individuals, 60.9% aged between 18 and 36 years. Among the respondents, 64.4% were worried about running out of food before having money to buy more food, and 62.6% answered that they ran out of food before having money to buy it. Higher proportions of positive answers were observed for women and those who reported having debts to finance the migration costs to Brazil. CONCLUSION: The high proportion of positive answers to the BSFS questions by Haitians seems to indicate a situation of social vulnerability and food insecurity, especially among Haitian women, as well as among those who had debts to migrate to Brazil and those who have lived in the country for more than a year.

Taking high-stakes venture to make ends meet? Determinants and impacts of international migration of Ethiopians to the Middle East.

Ethiopia is one of the major origins for international migrants to the Middle East in Africa regardless of the risks and the abuses that migrants face. The study aims to analyse the determinants of international migration of Ethiopians to the Middle East and its impact on the income of households staying behind particularly in the Dessie Zuria district of the Amhara region in Ethiopia. Data were randomly collected from 346 households and analysed using descriptive statistics, logit regression, and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) models. The logit regression analysis indicates that bigger family size, network with migrants/returnees, and the presence of peer/family pressure influence the probability of international migration positively. On the contrary, being a male household head, ownership of larger farmland and livestock, and participation in additional non-farm activities determine international migration negatively. The findings from the PSM model revealed that international migration increased the annual income of migrant-sending households by 13,079.51 ETB per year over non-migrant sending households. However, the benefits enjoyed by the families staying behind have been at the expense of migrants, whose income is hard-earned and they often take a risky route to reach the destination regions. The findings call for an integrated policy approach to control population pressure that depletes the key financial and physical assets of households in the origin and thus forces individuals to look for alternative livelihood strategies such as migration. Location-specific policy interventions are needed to create non-farm and alternative livelihoods, improve agricultural productivity, and access information to reduce exaggerated and misleading information about the destination areas.

The impact of Covid-19 on demographic components in Spain, 2020-31: A scenario approach.

While considerable attention has been paid to the impact of Covid-19 on mortality and fertility, few studies have attempted to evaluate the pandemic's effect on international migration. We analyse the impact of Covid-19 on births, deaths, and international migration in Spain during 2020, comparing observed data with estimated values assuming there had been no pandemic. We also assess the consequences of three post-pandemic scenarios on the size and structure of the population to 2031. Results show that in 2020, excess mortality equalled 16.2 per cent and births were 6.5 per cent lower than expected. Immigration was the most affected component, at 36.0 per cent lower than expected, while emigration was reduced by 23.8 per cent. If net migration values recover to pre-pandemic levels in 2022, the size and structure of the population in 2031 will be barely affected. Conversely, if levels do not recover until 2025, there will be important changes to Spain's age structure.

Construcción de redes sociales en el lugar de destino: las experiencias de venezolanos, colombianos y españoles en una ciudad intermedia de Chile / Construção de redes sociais no país de destino: as experiências de venezuelanos, colombianos e espanhóis em uma cidade intermediária no Chile / Building social networks in the destination country: experiences of Venezuelans, Colombians and Spaniards in a medium-sized city in Chile

Resumen Se analiza la construcción, por parte de inmigrantes internacionales, de redes sociales en el país de destino, y las características de estas redes según el país de origen. Se estudia el caso de tres colectivos residentes en Chile, utilizando metodología cualitativa basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas, que se analizan mediante análisis narrativo. Los resultados muestran que quienes tienden a incorporarse con mayor rapidez en el lugar de destino, suelen establecer redes de vínculos débiles. Por el contrario, quienes tienen más dificultades para incorporarse en el lugar de destino, o lo hacen solo parcialmente, establecen redes densas más cerradas en lo cultural.

Resumo Este artigo analisa a construção, por imigrantes internacionais, de redes sociais no país de destino e as características dessas redes de acordo com o país de origem. O caso de três grupos residentes no Chile é estudado por meio de um desenho metodológico qualitativo baseado em entrevistas semiestruturadas, que são abordadas a partir da análise sociológica do discurso. Os resultados mostram que aqueles que se incorporam com mais facilidade e rapidez no local de destino tendem a estabelecer redes de vínculos fracos. Ao contrário, aqueles que têm mais dificuldade em se incorporar ao local de destino, ou o fazem apenas parcialmente, tendem a estabelecer redes culturalmente fechadas e coesas.

Abstract This article analyzes international immigrants' construction of social networks in the country of destination, and the characteristics of these networks according to the country of origin. The case of three groups residing in Chile is studied through a qualitative methodological design based on semi-structured interviews, examined by means of narrative analysis. Results show that those who adapt more easily and quickly to the place of destination tend to establish networks with weak ties. Conversely, those who have more difficulties in adapting to the place of destination, or do so only partially, tend to establish closed, tightly-knit cultural networks.

Migração em tempos de covid-19: impactos e estratégias de enfrentamento / Migration in times of covid-19: effects and coping strategies / Migración en tiempos del covid-19: impactos y estrategias de afrontamiento

Em 2020, o mundo enfrentou uma grave emergência de saúde pública devido à pandemia de COVID-19, que impactou significativamente a mobilidade humana e a vida cotidiana de milhares de imigrantes ao redor do mundo. Este artigo fez uso de entrevistas online e por telefone com imigrantes que chegaram ao Brasil a partir de 2016, para identificar as estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas durante a pandemia. Foi realizada uma análise transversal das entrevistas com o auxílio do software Atlas.ti 9, usando a técnica sistemática de categorização iterativa. Com base em uma perspectiva sociocultural em psicologia, o artigo introduz os impactos iniciais da pandemia em diferentes esferas da vida cotidiana desses imigrantes e apresenta as estratégias mobilizadas para restaurar continuidades funcionais e relacionais em um momento no qual as rupturas provocadas pela migração e pela pandemia se sobrepõem. Entre outros, podese identificar como os entrevistados ativaram rapidamente as redes sociais locais e transnacionais virtualmente, mobilizando competências e habilidades aprendidas durante a migração.(AU)

In 2020, the world faced a serious public health emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has significantly impacted human mobility and the daily lives of thousands of immigrants around the world. This article uses online and telephone interviews conducted with migrants who arrived in Brazil in 2016, to identify coping strategies employed during the pandemic. A transversal analysis of all interviews was conducted with the aid of the software Atlas.ti 9, using a systematic approach of iterative categorization. From a sociocultural perspective in psychology, the article introduces the initial impacts of the pandemic in different spheres of everyday life of these immigrants. With this everyday context, we present the strategies mobilized by immigrants to restore functional and relational continuities at a moment in which the ruptures caused by migration and the pandemic overlap. In particular, we identify how interviewees rapidly activated local and transnational social networks virtually, mobilizing skills learnt during migration.(AU)

En 2020, el mundo se enfrentó a un grave estado de emergencia en salud pública debido a la pandemia del COVID-19, que impactó significativamente la movilidad humana y la vida cotidiana de miles de inmigrantes en todo el mundo. Este artículo realizó entrevistas en línea y por teléfono con inmigrantes quienes llegaron a Brasil a partir de 2016, con el fin de identificar sus estrategias de afrontamiento adoptadas durante la pandemia. Se realizó un análisis transversal de las entrevistas con la ayuda del software Atlas.ti 9, utilizando la técnica sistemática de categorización iterativa. Desde una perspectiva sociocultural en Psicología, este artículo expone los impactos iniciales de la pandemia en diferentes ámbitos de la vida cotidiana de estos inmigrantes y presenta las estrategias movilizadas para restaurar las continuidades funcionales y relacionales en un momento en que se superponen las rupturas causadas por la migración y la pandemia. Entre otros aspectos, se puede identificar cómo los entrevistados activaron virtualmente las redes sociales locales y transnacionales movilizando habilidades y destrezas aprendidas durante la migración.(AU)

Condições de saúde autorrelatadas por solicitantes de refúgio no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, de 2010 a 2017 / Asylum seekers' self-reported health conditions in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2010 to 2017 / Condiciones de salud autoinformadas por solicitantes de refugio en Río de Janeiro, Brasil, del 2010 al 2017

No Brasil, entre 2011 e 2022, 348.067 pessoas solicitaram o reconhecimento da condição de refugiado no país. Os motivos que resultaram na migração, os riscos durante o trajeto e a transição cultural ao chegar podem estar associados a diferentes problemas de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as condições de saúde autorrelatadas por solicitantes de refúgio no Município do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2010 a 2017. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de dados secundários. Foram coletadas informações preenchidas nos formulários de solicitação de refúgio do Comitê Nacional para os Refugiados (Conare) de 2010 a 2017 e da entrevista social da Cáritas Arquidiocesana do Rio de Janeiro (Cáritas/RJ). Calcularam-se as taxas de prevalência de condições de saúde e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) e a razão de chances (RC) e IC95% em um modelo de regressão logística simples segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e de migração. O estudo incluiu 1.509 indivíduos. Na chegada ao Brasil, 620 (41%) relataram ter uma ou mais condições de saúde. As chances de apresentar problemas de saúde foram maiores em pessoas oriundas do Congo (RC = 18,7) e República Democrática do Congo (RC = 9,5), nos indocumentados (RC = 4,4), nas mulheres (RC = 2,1), em pessoas com Ensino Fundamental (RC = 1,9), com idade ≥ 45 anos (RC = 1,8) e entre os que vivem/viveram maritalmente (RC = 1,8 e 2,5, respectivamente). Entre as pessoas que relataram alguma condição de saúde, mais da metade informaram sentir dores (52%). É possível que as dores físicas tenham relação com estresse pós-traumático e outros sofrimentos em saúde mental, que podem se manifestar por meio de sintomas de dores somáticas.

From 2011 to 2022, 348,067 people applied for a refugee status in Brazil. The reasons that resulted in their migration, the risks during their journey, and the cultural transition upon arrival may be associated with different health problems. This study aimed to analyze the self-reported health conditions of asylum seekers in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro from 2010 to 2017. This is a cross-sectional study with secondary data. Data were collected from asylum application forms at the Brazilian National Committee for Refugees (Conare) from 2010 to 2017 and from social interviews in the Archdiocesan Caritas of Rio de Janeiro (Cáritas/RJ). The prevalence rates of health conditions, their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and odds ratio (OR) were calculated in a simple logistic regression model according to sociodemographic and migration variables. This study included 1,509 individuals. Upon arrival in Brazil, 620 (41%) reported having one or more health conditions. The chances of showing health problems were higher in people from the Congo (OR = 18.7) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (OR = 9.5), in undocumented individuals (OR = 4.4), women (OR = 2.1), in people with elementary education (OR = 1.9), aged ≥ 45 years (OR = 1.8), and among those who live/lived maritally (OR = 1.8 and 2.5, respectively). Of those who reported a health condition, more than half claimed experiencing pain (52%). Physical pain may be related to post-traumatic stress and other mental health distress, manifesting itself by somatic pain symptoms.

En Brasil, entre el 2011 y el 2022, 348.067 personas solicitaron el reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado en el país. Los motivos que dieron lugar a la migración, los riesgos durante el trayecto y la transición cultural al llegar pueden estar asociados a diferentes problemas de salud. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las condiciones de salud autoinformadas de los solicitantes de refugio en el municipio de Río de Janeiro en el período del 2010 al 2017. Se trata de un estudio transversal de datos secundarios. Los datos se recopilaron de los formularios de solicitud de asilo del Comité Nacional para Refugiados de Brasil (Conare) del 2010 al 2017 y de la entrevista social de Caritas Arquidiocesana de Río de Janeiro (Cáritas/RJ). Se calcularon las tasas de prevalencia de las condiciones de salud y sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%) y la razón de posibilidades (RP) y el IC95% en un modelo de regresión logística simple según variables sociodemográficas y de migración. El estudio incluyó a 1.509 sujetos. A su llegada a Brasil, 620 (41%) informaron tener una o más condiciones de salud. Las posibilidades de presentar problemas de salud fueron mayores en personas procedentes de Congo (RP = 18,7) y República Democrática del Congo (RP = 9,5), en personas indocumentadas (RP = 4,4), mujeres (RP = 2,1), en personas con educación primaria (RP = 1,9), en ≥ 45 años (RP = 1,8), y entre los que viven/han vivido en una relación estable (RP = 1,8 y 2,5, respectivamente). Entre las personas que reportaron alguna condición de salud, más de la mitad relató sentir dolores (52%). Los dolores físicos pueden estar relacionados con el estrés postraumático y otros sufrimientos en salud mental que pueden presentarse mediante síntomas de dolores somáticos.

Criminalización y juvenicidio de culturas juveniles asociadas a organizaciones delincuenciales: caso colombianos / Criminalization and youthcide of youth cultures associated with criminal organizations: the case of the Cholombianos / Criminalização e juvenicídio de culturas juvenis associadas a organizações criminosas: o caso Cholombianos

Resumen (analítico) El artículo propone caracterizar y comprender los procesos de inserción de jóvenes en las organizaciones delincuenciales, tomando el caso de una cultura juvenil del noreste mexicano: los cholombianos. Plantea un marco de referencia construido por la articulación de categorías como violencia posestructural, desciudadanización, construcción de pánicos morales, estigmatización territorial, criminalización y sujeción criminal, para debatir y ampliar la conceptualización sobre el juvenicidio en México. Para ello, se analizan casos documentados por antropólogos y periodistas de jóvenes de distintas clases sociales que participan o son vinculados con la delincuencia organizada. A partir de un análisis teórico conceptual, se realizan observaciones sobre cómo los grupos delincuenciales forjan fuentes de pertenencia, respeto e identidad, y cómo estos y los poderes públicos llevan a cabo acciones de desciudadanización que destruyen culturas juveniles como la de los cholombianos.

Abstract (analytical) This article aims to characterize and comprehend the processes of young people joining criminal organizations by using a case study of a youth culture in the northeastern region of Mexico, the Cholombianos. The authors propose a reference framework based on the articulation of categories such as post-structural violence, de-citizenization, fabrication of moral panic, territorial stigmatization, criminalization and criminal subjection to discuss and expand the conceptualization of youthcide in Mexico. To achieve this process, the authors analyze cases documented by anthropologists and journalists of young people from different social classes who participate in or are linked to organized crime. Using a conceptual theoretical analysis, the authors discuss how criminal groups fabricate senses of belonging, respect and identity and how they and public authorities carry out de-citizenization actions that destroy youth cultures like the Cholombianos.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo se propõe a caracterizar e compreender os processos de inserção de jovens em organizações criminosas, tomando o caso de uma cultura juvenil do nordeste mexicano, os cholombianos, propõe um quadro de referência construído pela articulação de categorias como violência pós-estrutural, descidadania, construção de pânicos morais, estigmatização territorial, criminalização e sujeição criminal, para debater e ampliar a conceituação do assassinato juvenil no México. Para isso, são analisados casos, documentados por antropólogos e jornalistas, de jovens de diferentes classes sociais que participam ou estão ligados ao crime organizado. A partir de uma análise teórica conceitual, são feitas observações sobre como grupos criminosos forjam fontes de pertencimento, respeito e identidade, como eles e o poder público realizam ações de descidadania que destroem culturas juvenis como a dos cholombianos.

Perceptions of Health Needs among Venezuelan Women Crossing the Border in Northern Chile during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In parallel to the COVID-19 pandemic, Chile has experienced a significant influx of international migrants, many of whom are Venezuelan women who have entered the country through unauthorized crossing points. In this context, gender and migration intersect as the social determinants of health, leading to their experiencing a range of adverse events. This poses important challenges in terms of short- and long-term health outcomes, the social determinants of health, and access to healthcare. This study aims at describing Venezuelan women's perceptions of their health needs as they migrate to Chile via an unauthorized crossing point, with a focus on adverse events throughout the migration cycle, self-reported health needs, and responses. A qualitative case study was carried out with 22 participants in the Antofagasta region of Chile, including Venezuelan migrant women, healthcare professionals, and social workers from the public healthcare system, stakeholders from non-governmental and international organizations, and local government officials. The semi-structured, individual interviews were analyzed thematically. The results show that Venezuelan women face a range of adverse events throughout the migration cycle. The perceived health needs that are reported are sometimes linked to these adverse events or existed prior to migration and were exacerbated throughout the migratory cycle. Addressing these physical and mental health needs is essential for short- and long-term individual and public health; however, despite substantial efforts to ameliorate the situation, persisting gaps in access to care are reported.

Meaning and Experience of International Migration in Black African South African Families.

This article explores the experiences of some Black South African families affected by international migration. Historically, emigration from South Africa has occurred in waves, and has been associated with specific political moments. Such migration has often been perceived as a predominantly "White phenomenon", but recent trends reveal a more complex picture. Prior research on Black migration has focused primarily on internal labour migration, exilic migration and the "brain drain" phenomenon of medical professionals. So far, little research has been done on the impact of international outward migration on the Black family system. This article addresses this gap, drawing on a larger qualitative project exploring the impact of South African emigration on elderly family members staying behind. The findings highlight the significance of close relational ties in the Black South African family system. Familial separation through emigration brings feelings of loss and apprehension for the wellbeing of family members living abroad, including potential racism in destination countries. Migrants abroad highlighted the value of family and of maintaining a Black South African identity, despite separation from the country of origin and the extended family. Significantly, migration is often perceived as a temporary state, in contrast to White South African counterparts. Given increased international migration, the results shed light on the interplay between racial identity and emigration, and the impact of international migration by Black South Africans on family that they leave behind.

Network Analysis of the Gender Gap in International Remittances by Migrants.

Financial inclusion is considered a key enabler of international development goals. Despite the expansion of financial access overall, the gender inequalities in basic access have remained consistent. This research investigates the predictive power of global remittance and migration flows on the gender gap in financial inclusion. First, singular value decomposition is applied to the World Bank's 2017 Global Findex data to identify the financial inclusion variables that most contribute to the gender gap in financial inclusion. We find that indicators pertaining to account ownership, emergency funding, and receiving payments are especially significant. Based on the identified variables, a novel Financial Inclusion Gender Gap Score is calculated for 143 economies. The score is then incorporated into a complex network analysis of global remittance and migration networks. We analyze how network features such as node attributes, community membership, and bow-tie structure can be used to make inferences about the magnitude of a financial inclusion gender gap. Our findings suggest that weaker linkages in the network, characterized by lower node strength and peripheral positions in the bow-tie structure, are determinants of a notable financial inclusion gender gap. We also highlight communities in the remittance and migration networks with a more substantial gender imbalance, and discuss the the social- and cultural-leaning factors driving community formation in the migration network that seem to predicate a greater gap.